bus的复数形式
谈英文名词单复数的变化 来自郑新民谈英语教学与研究 00:00 06:36 魔盒来啦
编者按：亲爱的听众，我是郑新民教授。在今天的节目中，我想给大家介绍一种儿童英语读物新系列，它叫做“学会阅读”，也称为“儿童英语阅读魔盒”。众所周知，从婴儿期开始，每天给幼儿阅读，有助于语言习得和识字技能。这是因为在最初的几个月里，给孩子阅读可以刺激大脑的一部分，使他们能够理解语言的意义，并有助于培养关键的语言、识字能力和社交技能。今天，我们将带您和您的宝贝孩子一起来学一学如何用英语谈论名词的复数形式。
英文作者：郑新民，香港大学哲学博士（PhD),上海外国语大学教授。
Hello, dear listeners, this is Prof. Zheng Xinmin, broadcasting from Fuzhou. In today’s programme, I’d like to introduce you a new series of young children’s readers, called “Learn to Read”. As everybody knows, reading daily to young children, starting in infancy, can help with language acquisition and literacy skills. This is because reading to your children in the earliest months can stimulate the part of the brain that allows them to understand the meaning of language and helps build key language, literacy and social skills.
In the series of Learn to Read, we can find a lesson titled ” Let’s Measure It” ,which talks about plural forms of nouns in English. Well, most singular nouns are made plural by simply putting an -s at the end. There are many different rules regarding pluralization depending on what letter a noun ends in. Irregular nouns do not follow plural noun rules, so they must be memorized or looked up in the dictionary.There are many plural noun rules, and because we use nouns so frequently when writing, it’s important to know all of them! The correct spelling of plurals usually depends on what letter the singular noun ends in. Now let’s take a look at the following rules:
1 To make regular nouns plural, add ?s to the end.
cat – cats
house – houses
2 If the singular noun ends in ?s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, or -z, add ?es to the end to make it plural.
truss – trusses
bus – buses
marsh – marshes
lunch – lunches
tax – taxes
blitz – blitzes
3 In some cases, singular nouns ending in -s or -z, require that you double the -s or -z prior to adding the -es for pluralization.
fez – fezzes
gas –gasses
4 If the noun ends with ?f or ?fe, the f is often changed to ?ve before adding the -s to form the plural version.
wife – wives
wolf – wolves
Exceptions:
roof – roofs
belief – beliefs
chef – chefs
chief – chiefs
5If a singular noun ends in ?y and the letter before the -y is a consonant, change the ending to ?ies to make the noun plural.
city – cities
puppy – puppies
6If the singular noun ends in -y and the letter before the -y is a vowel, simply add an -s to make it plural.
ray – rays
boy – boys
7If the singular noun ends in ?o, add ?es to make it plural.
potato – potatoes
tomato – tomatoes
Exceptions:
photo – photos
piano – pianos
halo – halos
With the unique word volcano, you can apply the standard pluralization for words that end in -o or not. It’s your choice! Both of the following are correct:
volcanoes
volcanos
8 If the singular noun ends in ?us, the plural ending is frequently ?i.
cactus – cacti
focus – foci
9 If the singular noun ends in ?is, the plural ending is ?es.
analysis – analyses
ellipsis – ellipses
10 If the singular noun ends in ?on, the plural ending is ?a.
phenomenon – phenomena
criterion – criteria
11 Some nouns don’t change at all when they’re pluralized.
sheep – sheep
series – series
species – species
deer –deer
You need to see these nouns in context to identify them as singular or plural. Consider the following sentence:
Mark caught one fish, but I caught three fish.
Well, finally, to end today’s programme, we’d like to tell you that there are some irregular nouns which almost follow no specific rules, so it’s best to memorize these or look up the proper pluralization in the dictionary. Just to name a few, they are:
child – children
goose – geese
man – men
woman – women
tooth – teeth
foot – feet
mouse – mice
person people
OK, if you are interested in what we have told you above, please try to read ” Learn to Read” in original. Thank you for your listening and bye for now.(34)
参考译文
“Learn to Read”（学会阅读）系列中有一篇文章名为“我们一起量量看”，谈论的是英语名词的复数形式。当然，绝大多数名词可以简单通过在词尾加上后缀s就能由单数变为复数。根据名词词末以什么字母结尾，名词由单数变为复数其实遵循许多不同的规则。与这些规则变化的名词不同，不规则变化名词的复数形式则需要牢记或者查询字典。名词的复数变化规则有很多，而我们写作时需要频繁使用名词，所以记住这些转换规则很重要。能否正确拼写复数名词常常要看单数名词以什么字母结尾。下面我们就来看看单数变为复数的规则：
1. 规则名词单数变为复数，在词尾加后缀-s。例如：
cat – cats
house – houses
2. 如果单数名词以-s,-ss,-sh,-ch,-x,或者-z结尾，变为复数时加上后缀-es。例如：
truss – trusses
bus – buses
marsh – marshes
lunch – lunches
tax – taxes
blitz – blitzes
3. 某些情况下，单数名词以-s,或者 -z结尾，这时侯单数名词变为复数时需要先双写-s或-z，然后再加上后缀-es。例如：
gas –gasses
4. 如果单数名词以-f, -fe结尾，变为复数时常常要将-f变为 -ve，再加上后缀 -s。例如：
wife – wives
wolf – wolves
Exceptions:例外情况：
roof – roofs
belief – beliefs
chef – chefs
chief – chiefs
5. 如果单数名词以字母y结尾，而且字母y前面是个辅音字母，变为复数时需要去掉字母y再加上后缀-ies。例如：
city– cities
puppy – puppies
6. 如果单数名词以字母y结尾，而且字母y前面是个元音字母，变为复数时直接在词尾加上-s即可。例如：
ray – rays
boy – boys
7. 如果单数名词以字母o结尾，变为复数时在词尾加上后缀-es。例如：
potato – potatoes
tomato – tomatoes
Exceptions:例外情况:
photo – photos
piano – pianos
halo– halos
对于像volcano这样特别的单词, 不论是否以-o结尾，你也可以选择使用在词尾直接加-s这种最基本的复数变化形式。下面两种形式都是正确的：
volcanoes
volcanos
8. 如果单数名词是以-us结尾，其复数形式往往是去掉-us而以-i结尾。例如：
cactus – cacti
focus – foci
9. 如果单数名词以-is结尾，变为复数时是改-is为-es。例如：
analysis – analyses
ellipsis – ellipses
10. 如果单数名词以-on结尾，变为复数时改-on 为-a。例如：
phenomenon – phenomena
criterion – criteria
11. 有些名词由单数变为复数时形式不变。例如：
sheep – sheep
series – series
species – species
deer –deer
你需要通过上下文去辨别它们是单数形式还是复数形式。请看下面这句话：
Mark caught one fish,but I caught three fish.
马克捉了一条鱼，而我捉到三条。
最后，在本期节目结束之前，我想告诉大家，有些不规则变化名词并不遵循任何特定变化规则，所以最好的办法是记住它们或者查询字典找出它们的复数形式。仅举几例如下：
child– children
goose – geese
man – men
woman – women
tooth – teeth
foot– feet
mouse – mice
person people
好了，如果您想了解更多，就请点击“Learn to Read”（学会阅读）欣赏原文。谢谢收听，我们下期再见。
~~~
译者：苏州大学翻译学博士研究生 沈洁。特此感谢。
儿童英语阅读魔盒
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